Todays Postal Rule Application - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1394 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Communication Essay Knowledge Essay Did you like this example? It is usually said that not only the offer be accepted, but the acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. Where the parties are negotiating face to face, this present no problem since the acts or words which manifest acceptance will also communicate it. Where the parties are negotiating at a distance by post, telephone, telegram, telex, fax or messenger the principle obviously has important applications. (Dudgale, 1992) However in the case of postal acceptance, perhaps numerically the most common case, the rule is subject to an exception (Dudgale, 1992). It was decided in Adams v Lindsell (1818) that a postal acceptance was effective as soon as it was posted even if the letter is delayed, destroyed or lost in the post and it never reaches the offeror. On 2nd September, the defendant wrote an offer selling goods to the plaintiff and asked a reply by post. On 5th September the plaintiff received the letter and sent his acceptance by post. However the defendant had sold the goods to a third party on the 8th September and received the letter of acceptance by the plaintiff on 9th September. It was held that a binding agreement was made and the postal rule noted that the date of sending is the date of acceptance. (McKendrick, 2008) In Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance v Grant (1879), this rule was applied even when the letter of acceptance was inadequately stamped or wrongly addressed, and it is open to the offeror to say expressly that he will not be bound until he receive the acceptance. Moreover, in Holwell Securities v Hughes (1974), the Court of Appeal held that such a requirement could be implied from the nature of the contract (exercise of an option). Keenan, 2007) Meanwhile, modern forms of communication such as e-mail, telephones with answering machines and faxes do not follow the postal rule. (Kelly, Holmes Hayward, 2005). On the other hand the communication rule was applied to contracts of telex by the Court of appeal in E ntores v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) and by the House of Lords in Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl (1982). In these cases generally, the telex machines were in the offices of the parties and messages were sent during the office hours. Communication, therefore, was practically instantaneous as it is on telephone, which is assumed to be covered by the same rule. (Rose, 2008) The postal rule does not apply to the modern form of communication, also known as instantaneous communication because they occupy an intermediate position. This can be said that the time of acceptance is the time of receiving compared to the postal communication. However, courier service is still bound to the postal rule as the time of acceptance is the time of sending. Beale, Bishop Furmston, 2008) There are criticisms existed for postal rule. One of the criticisms of the rule is that it favours the offeree. The English case of Household Fire Insurance v. Grant (1879) is a prime example of the possible injustice whic h may result in the application of the postal rule. In this case, on receipt of an offer from Grant to take up an insurance policy, the company posted back their acceptance and the letter never arrived, so Grant was unaware of the acceptance from the company. It was held that a contract existed, and that he was liable to pay premiums. (O’Brien, 2007) This example shows how, through application of the postal rule, a party may be bound by a contract without actual knowledge of its existence. If the rule stated that the contract would not be formed until receipt by the offeror, injustices like this could be avoided. According to Furmston (2001), it would also have been acceptable as a ruling in the Adams v. Lindsell case as â€Å"the defendants’ offer would not be revoked by their sale to third party on 8th September. This statement underpins the fact that the ruling was an arbitrary one, which was needed to make certain the law regarding acceptance by post at the tim e. (O’Brien, 2007) Due to the high proportion of modern forms of communication, for example fax, registered post where receipt of acceptance is normally issued to the customer, and e-mail, the usage of the postal system in modern day business is waning. Electronic telecommunication, are the most common competition for the long established postal system. One of the earliest references of case law regarding electronic communications is Entores Ltd v. Miles Far East Corporation (1955). This English case deals with an offer which was sent via the plaintiff’s telex machine to the defendants in Holland. The plaintiff sent a telex message from England offering to purchase 100 tons of Cathodes from the defendants in Holland. The defendant sent back a telex from Holland to the London office accepting that offer. The question for the court was at what point the contract came into existence. If the acceptance was effective from the time the telex was sent the contract was made in Holland and Dutch law would apply. If the acceptance took place when the telex was received in London then the contract would be governed by English law. The English Court of Appeal held that the contract was concluded when the acceptance was received in London. This set a precedent which isolated electronic forms of communication from the authority of the postal rule. (Poole, 2008) The principles of the Entores case were approved by the House of Lords in the case Brinkibon Ltd. v. Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelgesellschaft GmbH. Lord Wilberforce declared that he would accept it as a â€Å"general rule †¦ but not necessarily a universal rule. He believed that to avoid the injustice that might be caused by universal application of the rule, cases regarding instantaneous forms of communication must be resolved â€Å"by reference to the intention of the parties, by sound business practice and in some cases by a judgment where the risks should lie. † This lack of an undeniable rule creates a margin for the types of cases which would otherwise be dealt with in an unjust manner. (Peel, 2007) Nonetheless, if an offeror provides an offer with an e-mail address for purposes of correspondence, the acceptance by the offeree is effective when it first becomes accessible by the offeror. This is a contemporary example of how the postal rule is being dispensed with in favour of the more liberal general rule as applied in Brinkibon. (Peel, 2007) Another criticism of postal rule is that the effects due to revocation of offer. Where an acceptance is posted after the offeror posts a revocation of the offer, however before that revocation has been received, the acceptance will be binding, as posted acceptance take effect on posting. (Kelly, Holmes Hayward, 2005) This point is illustrated in Byrne Co. v. Van Tienhoven Co. (1880), where the courts confirmed the long-standing idea that any revocation of an offer must be communicated to the offeree; al though again there are some exceptions to this rule. The offeror need to communicate this revocation to the offeree himself, however. It is not always practicable for a company, or even an individual, to communicate directly with the other contracting party and this is reflected in the decision in Dickinson v. Dodds (1876) that revocation may be communicated by a reliable third party. Kelly, Holmes Hayward, 2005) The question is then whether a revocation sent at the same time as an acceptance will nullify an offer. In Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co. v. Grant (1879), the court ruled that the postal rule only applies to acceptances. As a result, revocation is only effective if it can be received by the offeree before they post their acceptance. (O’Brien, 2007) In contract law, the offeror is aware of the terms of an offer before the offeree and thus is in a better position to know when that a contract may be created. It would therefore unjustifiably preju dice the offeree if the offeror were able to withdraw their offer even after a letter of acceptance has been posted. The postal rule reflects this state of interaction and goes some way to balancing the power levels between the two parties. (Kelly, Holmes Hayward, 2005) In a nutshell, judging by the criticism of the postal rule which it favours the offeree creating unbalance in justice and the effect after the offer being revocated, this postal rule of acceptance will not be applicable to modern forms of communication. 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The Theory Of Social Class - 1128 Words

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Network Requirement Analysis and Plan †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Network Requirement Analysis and Plan. Answer: Introduction The fundamentals of network design for the University Campus are discussed in this section. To design a network, its basic concepts such as the network topology also important to be considered and its selection is an important criterion. The geometric representation of network topology is to build relationship among all the links connecting the device nodes (Chapman Cooper Zwicky, 2000). Network topology represents the physical topology and represents the way in which a network is physically connected. It is logical topology that defines flow of data through the network. Design types determine the type of Network for the Campus is interested to adopt in order to meet their work system requirements. There are different types of designs available for the company to adopt into their system. The various configurations used in the network set up is LAN, WAN, MAN and CAN. The specific requirement depends upon how much big the area need to get covered along with their complexity. In the small business network setting the need of high frequency Wi-Fi connections demand are high in demand (Chen, Iyer Whisnant, 2002). Analyse and discuss the significance of internetworking for GITAM University. The plan is to analyse and address the star up issues with the University. It is related to their network design, inter networking and implementation process. Since the University is going to have highly distributed, heterogeneous and globalised set of branches across the area hence a comprehensive system of network is designed to maintain their connectivity without any interruption. The network topology is chosen initially and designed as per their requirements. Network is designed in order to provide 100% availability with time. 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Operating systems like Windows, Linux and Mcintosh and so on. Other requirements S. No Device Manufacturers name Series Model Features 1 NIC NETGEAR 10.10.10.1 RTL8111C(P) Computers of various types connect to networks via several types of wired and wireless interfaces, the most common being Ethernet and Wi-Fi Alabady, 2008). These interfaces may be integrated into the motherboard, or they may come in the form of an add-on card that connects to the computer via PCI/PCIe or USB. 2 Hub Intel(R) Corporation 1.0.5.235 HID It acts as a central point of communication among e media devices. 3 Switch Dell Inc DEMOSERIAL Powerconnect2824 Devices essentially serve as hubs for the network. Multiple computers link to a router or switch, which itself may be connected to other switches. 4 Router Cisco Cisco router_30 Cisco - 1841 These devices setup their own sub network. Only one per one device is permitted. Table: Network device specification A design table specifying IP network IP address specifying Network Topology diagram Management Software access to every computer from each of the location using a fixed IP address. Network configuration (ACL configuration and Router interface with explanation) The cables are often used in the networking set up. Although now a days the cable requirements are often, but the use of cable is perhaps required in minimum amount. There are various type of cable such twisted pair cable unshielded, twisted pair cable shielded, co axial cable, fibre optic cable, and wireless LANs. The most important server operating system used is that UNIX like operating system. They are open source system. They have the features of ability to fast recognise and software and hardware updating capacity without re starting the system. They have the capacity of flexibility an transparent data transfer among the devices. They have to store tera bytes of data in daily basis and hence th size of the data sources are enormous. The server has space ranging from 16 GB to 128 GB RAM and are equipped with multi-tera byte HDD storage. Network Design in Netsim NetSim 8.0 is an application. This system of software allows to apply the vision of network design within the application. They are performed using the Cisco command line equipment. NetSim is a network simulation and emulation tool. It is mainly used for the purpose of network design. It is done with the basis of network planning and management system. Many technologies are being covered in th design process using NetSim. Thy are wireless sensor networks, wireless land area network system, MANETs, LTE and many more. Network navigation mode allows viewing the devices tat are closely connected with each other and with whom they are connected sequentially. At the same time they have the feature of displaying the network connectivity in the active mode. By right clicking on the device, we can view the device with the topology in order to access the selected device. The sequential set connectivity using NetSim has been shown in the below representation. The simple way of connection is at first shown and it is then followed by rest of the connectivity for the entire University campus. This shows how the routers are connected and forming sub networks. This shows how all the other networks are being connected for the access control from the management system. The network connection design along with the simulation result is shown. During the installation of the operating system the network software installation takes place. A certain IP configuration parameters are used in the appropriate files tat are stored. They are stored in such a way that they can be read at the boot time Akyildiz, Melodia Chowdhury, 2008). After the completion of building the entire network, it is required to make sure for the testing of the equipment and the performance monitoring of the entire network for the specific range of duration. Before starting the complete set up, it is required to test the entire network performance. To avoid the situation of sudden system failurerity, it is utmost require to keep a regular monitoring system. The monitoring system is required to enable all of this redundancy (Akin, 2002). Conclusion World class University in todays scenario is impossible without emails, online banking and all other important services that are linked by the internet. The services computer network plays an important role to access the information necessary to maintain the connecting operation. For interconnectivity of components within the campus a network topology adapts to the physical and set up and to maintain the interconnection between arrangement of computers, cables and other component. It is important in a data communication network since the information travels through packet form from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network. References Akin, T. (2002), Hardening Cisco Routers. OReilly Associates. Akyildiz, F., Melodia, T. Chowdhury, R. (2008). Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Applications and Testbeds, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 96, no. 10, pp. 1588-1605. Alabady, S. (2008). Design and Implementation of a Network Security Model using Static VLAN and AAA Server, In Proceedings International Conference on Information Communication Technologies: from Theory to Applications, ICTTA. Ali, Q. Alabady ,S. (2007). Design and Implementation of A Secured Remotely Administrated Network, In Proceedings International Arab Conference on Information Technology, ACIT . Chapman D., Cooper S. Zwicky, E. (2000). Building Internet Firewalls, 2nd Edition, OReilly Associates. Chen S., Iyer R., Whisnant K. (2002). Evaluating the Security Threat of Firewall Data Corruption Caused by Instruction Transient Errors, In Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Dependable Systems Network, Washington, D.C.

SWOT Analysis PetCo Essay Example

SWOT Analysis: PetCo Essay I  Ã‚   Organization History and Mission Statement PETCO is a leading chain of retail stores that offers pet supplies and services such as grooming and dog training. PETCO was founded in 1965 and incorporated in Delaware. Its main headquarters is found in San Diego, California. Currently, it is a privately owned company held by Texas Pacific Group and Leonard Green Partners which acquired PETCO at a sum of $1.8 billion in July 14, 2006. PETCO leads in the pet retail and service business with a chain of outlets that offer pet grooming, training, doggie day camp, behavior classes, vaccinations, all-natural food products and pet photography.. As of 2006, PETCO has over 800 locations in 49 states and the District of Columbia. PETCO’s mission is to provide customers with a comprehensive pet store selling animal products from costumes, food, medications, pet toys and much more. It also aims lead the sponsorship of a wide variety of pet adoptions from rescue groups with other private organizations. (PETCO Online, 2007) We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis: PetCo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis: PetCo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis: PetCo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer II Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses A.   First Organizational Strength: Wide Range of Services Similar to some other popular pet shops, PETCO offers a wide variety of services that differ from traditional pet stores. Their strategy is three-fold; first in the adoption and sale of pets, second in pet grooming and training, and third in pet nutrition and care. This is considered a strength because this gives the company a level of versatility in addressing consumer needs. B.   Second Organizational Strength: Functional Website PETCO has a functional website, www.petco.com. Visitors in this website can make user accounts which would allow them to transact with the store online. The site allows avenues for pet shopping, locating nearby stores, availing of other products such as gift cards, and viewing of the latest news regarding animals and pet stores. The website also provides for an online community and information updates regarding company policies. This is considered a strength because online presence is an efficient marketing strategy that reaches out to people everywhere without having to go on the road. It also gathers better patronage because of the convenience of the ability to transact business online. Message boards for online communities tighter consumer-producer bonds, and give the customers an avenue to interact with management and their fellow customers thereby creating an atmosphere of hospitality and good will. C.   Third Organizational Strength The PETCO Foundation, since its inception in 1999, has raised more than $800 million for support of more than 3,500 non-profit animal welfare programs across the nation (PETCO Online, 2007). PETCO foundation is a strength because it gives the company media leverage with respect to advocates for animal rights who are against the sale of pets. D.   First Organizational Weakness PETCO’s training and grooming program is limited to dogs. This is obviously a weakness because the mainstream pet industry does not even have a canine majority, but is roughly shared by canine, feline, and avian type pets. E.   Second Organizational Weakness PETCO’s management was once cited to have dealt in the sale of large exotic birds. Although they have since signed an agreement to stop this practice, media might never the less capitalized on it if the opportunity arrives. F.  Ã‚   Third Organizational Weakness PETCO’s market is limited to the United States. This is less than other major pet stores such as Bioresearch which currently has outlets in Asian countries like Thailand and the Philippines (Morrison, 2001). It is a weakness because it withholds potential market share from the company. III  Ã‚   Opportunities / Threats A. Globalization of the pet industry Globalization has been a long standing trend in the current markets. It is only a matter of time before it reaches the pet industry. This follows since the rising cultural interaction has brought the novelty of owning pets from different parts of the world to different markets. PETCO is somewhat equipped to take advantage of this opportunity using their website but their lack of branches outside the states would restrict them to delivery services which may not be so good internationally given stricter regulations on animal transport across countries. B.   Public clamor for novelty Nowadays, the public is always looking for something new. This search for novelty has well invaded the pet industry, with owners dressing up their pets in a variety of styles and fashion trends. PETCO plays well into this clamor with its variety of features such as pet grooming, training, doggie day camp, behavior classes, and pet photography which would surely make consumers take interest. However, the company way want to expand their training and camp services beyond canines in order to accommodate the present market. D.   Growing concern for animal welfare PETCO’s previous brush with animal welfare activists may exacerbate their susceptibility to the threat of radical groups clamoring for the stoppage of animal sale of any kind (Workman, 2003). However, the PETCO foundation which actually raises funds for some of these animal welfare groups may act as good leverage against bad publicity. Also, the foundation has began to advocate a Think Adoption First program, which encourages the adoption of companion animals as opposed to the outright purchase of them. This could also help offset the threat of radical animal welfare groups. E.   Increased Pollution and Disease The increase of carbon monoxide and other poisonous gases in the atmosphere has resulted to a consistent degradation of the environment. For animals, this has manifested in several diseases that has attacked, farm and domestic animals alike. PETCO’s research group that works on safe all-natural pet foods that offer no additives or preservatives may act as a countermeasure to this growing threat. The PETCO foundation may also consider broadening its scope to an environmental protection level.

Free Essays on Alzheimers

Who am I?: Alzheimer’s Disease and the loss of personality Each and every human being dreams of living a regular, normal life, watching their children grow up and have families of their own. But for some people, this dream along with all their memories can be erased by an ageless disease that affects more then four million Americans today (Evans). Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive disease that varies from person to person, robbing its victim of their past and future. Alzheimer’s Disease is known as the "Great Eraser" because it turns everyday normal people into helpless, lifeless individuals (Rice). This horrible disease raises a very critical philosophical question: Does the loss of memory mean the loss of personal identity? Although most individuals who have considered this dilemma hold that forfeiture of memory equals a change or even loss of personal identity, this essay will show that this is not necessarily true. In order to fully understand how this lesser held view is, in fact, true one must first comprehend both the biological and psychological effects of Alzheimer’s. Therefore, this paper will be divided into two parts. The first part will display the causes, consequences, and treatments for Alzheimer’s. In the second section, supporting evidence will be put forth in order to show that a partial or even complete loss of autobiographical memory does not constitute a change in or the destruction of personal identity. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most common of the dementia-inducing illnesses. Alzheimer's is a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the brain; causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior. A person with Alzheimer’s Disease may experience personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, confusion and difficulty finishing thoughts, following directions or even finding the right word to say in a conversation (Evans). Once in the advanced stages of the disease, t... Free Essays on Alzheimers Free Essays on Alzheimers Who am I?: Alzheimer’s Disease and the loss of personality Each and every human being dreams of living a regular, normal life, watching their children grow up and have families of their own. But for some people, this dream along with all their memories can be erased by an ageless disease that affects more then four million Americans today (Evans). Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive disease that varies from person to person, robbing its victim of their past and future. Alzheimer’s Disease is known as the "Great Eraser" because it turns everyday normal people into helpless, lifeless individuals (Rice). This horrible disease raises a very critical philosophical question: Does the loss of memory mean the loss of personal identity? Although most individuals who have considered this dilemma hold that forfeiture of memory equals a change or even loss of personal identity, this essay will show that this is not necessarily true. In order to fully understand how this lesser held view is, in fact, true one must first comprehend both the biological and psychological effects of Alzheimer’s. Therefore, this paper will be divided into two parts. The first part will display the causes, consequences, and treatments for Alzheimer’s. In the second section, supporting evidence will be put forth in order to show that a partial or even complete loss of autobiographical memory does not constitute a change in or the destruction of personal identity. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most common of the dementia-inducing illnesses. Alzheimer's is a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the brain; causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior. A person with Alzheimer’s Disease may experience personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, confusion and difficulty finishing thoughts, following directions or even finding the right word to say in a conversation (Evans). Once in the advanced stages of the disease, t... Free Essays on Alzheimers Alzheimer’s disease I. I intend to increase my audience’s knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease. A. Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia among older people. Alzheimer’s disease affects the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. About 4 million Americans suffer for Alzheimer’s disease. On average the disease begins after age 60 and the risk goes up with age. About 3 percent of men and women ages 65 to 74 have Alzheimer’s disease, and almost half of those age 85 and older. II. Alzheimer’s disease, a brain disorder that affects over 4 million people. A. I am going to talk about three aspects of Alzheimer’s disease. 1. Causes 2. Symptoms 3. Treatment B. What causes Alzheimer’s disease? 1. Scientist do not yet fully understand what causes Alzheimer’s disease. 2. There is no one single cause, but several factors that affect each person differently. a. Family history is a risk factor. b. Genetics may play a role in some cases. 3. Scientist also are studying education, diet, environment, and viruses to learn what role they might play in the development of Alzheimer’s. C. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s and the stages of the disease patients go through. 1. At the start of Alzheimer’s the only symptoms may be mild forgetfulness. a. People with Alzheimer’s may have trouble remembering recent events, activities or the names of familiar people or things. b. Simple math problems may become hard to solve. 2. As the disease goes on, symptoms are more easily noticed and may become serious enough for family members to seek medical help. a. For example, in the later stages of Alzheimer’s people forget how to do things like brushing their teeth or combing their hair. b. They may no longer be able to think clearly and may have ...

Customers Revenge Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customers Revenge - Case Study Example I will not define Atida as a customer-centric company. They view customer’s complaints as a means to extort from the company by unreasonable customers. This is very evident with how they handled the complaints of Tom and Jessica. It is very disturbing that after a strong letter from loyal customer (Tom Zacharelli) was sent to the company threatening with negative publicity and a lawsuit, Lisa instead replied that â€Å"It’s not a legal problem . . . They say this customer can certainly hire a lawyer, but once customers understand how much pursuing the legal option will cost, they almost always see things differently. They take their loss, and they move on.† And statements such as â€Å"our only obligation is to ï ¬  x the car and nothing more† and sticking to a policy â€Å"for handling this stuff, one we’ve been following for decades†. Deducing from these statements, Atida thinks that they are just a manufacturing company where they just b uild cars and abandon their customers when they ask for customer service support. When customers complaint and call them, they look at it as a bother and not an opportunity to engage with their customers. This was very evident with Lisa’s mindset that their job is to get rid their phone lines with customers not realizing that getting rid their call centers of customers calling them do not mean that they have solve the customer’s problems. Second, I will revise the company employees’ mindset about customers. To achieve this, I will implement a company-wide reorientation and training about customer service for the company’s culture to change to a more service oriented one. I will introduce a service culture where each employee in the company will strive to satisfy the customers instead of getting rid of them. Lisa will be trained first and other managers will follow. I will recall the call center in India and put it back in the US. Customer service for an automobile

Digital Literacies and Teenagers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Digital Literacies and Teenagers - Essay Example Internet plays a major role in the lives of adults and teenagers alike and the significance of the internet in a teenager's life increases with every day. Teenagers use internet in numerous ways. Internet and digital devices serve as a main source of entertainment to the teenagers. The need for internet becomes vital as long as there is a need for getting faster and in-depth information. The progressively growing internet and computers has become mandatory for teenagers in day to day life. Educators need to keep this in mind and give them a â€Å"head-start† (Thelen par.6) in school. Digital devices are a rage among young people today. Tablets, laptops and smart phones top the teen’s wish lists. MP3 players and other digital gadgets like play stations, palm tops are also widely used by many of today’s students. Digital literacy is a must for the present day teenagers. It is the wave of the future. Today's teenagers will be tomorrow's leaders and working members o f the society. Teenagers who do not have digital literacy will find themselves far behind in the future. Activities of Teenagers on the Internet A new â€Å"Pew Internet Project† survey reveals â€Å"that 93% of teenagers 12?17 go online† (Teen and Young Adult Internet Use. par.1). The frequent activity on the internet by teenagers is the use of social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Estimates suggest that â€Å"73%† of teens have â€Å"profiles on social networking sites† (How are Online Issues Affecting Children? Par.7). Social networking sites are forums where information can be posted, shared and uploaded. Teens use these sites to chat with their friends all over the world. Similarly, every teenager with access to computers has an e-mail account. E-mails make communication easier. Commercial sites are used to buy things online, such as books, clothing, or music. To have a video chat conversation with other people chatting tools like Skype and Google Talk etc are used by teenagers. Internet is also used by teens to gather information about â€Å"health, dieting, physical fitness information† (Trends Data (Teens) Par.1) for homework and assignments. Teenagers use internet also to publish journals, articles and research papers. Movies, games and songs are downloaded easily using the internet. Teens also use internet to play online games and watch movies online, using YouTube. Cell phone is the other major characteristic of the present day. It is estimated that â€Å"75% of teens have cell phones† (How are Online Issues Affecting Children? Par.7). Smart phones, which have GPS tracking enable the parents to know the whereabouts of their teens. â€Å"58% of teenagers send â€Å"Instant Messages (IM) or text messages using the site† (Facts and statistics on Teens and Technology par. 3). The student’s curiosity to gather and know more information is quenched by popular search engines like Google, AskJeevs etc. Digital readers and other devices reduce the need for carrying heavy books and notebooks to schools and colleges. Data stored on a computer as reports and assignments can easily be manipulated into a number of different formats, making it easier to study. Communicating and downloading content are two primary uses of the